Besakih Temple

Besakih Temple (Pura Agung Besakih): the spiritual center and oldest sanctuary of Bali

Besakih, or Pura Agung Besakih, is located on the western slope of the sacred volcano Gunung Agung, whose height reaches 3,142 meters. This volcano is considered the most sacred point of the island and, according to the beliefs of local residents, the abode of the gods. Moreover, legend says that this is where the “Axis Mundi” is located, around which the entire universe, including planets and stars, revolves.

Scale and grandeur

On this sacred site, not just a temple was built, but a huge temple complex, which includes more than 86 religious buildings. It is the largest complex in Bali, covering an area of ​​more than 150,000 square meters, of which about 30,000 m² is open to tourists. The grandeur of Besakih underlines its importance as the main religious center of the island.

Ancient history

Besakih is not only the largest, but also the oldest temple in Bali. Scientists have found that some elements, such as altars and stairs, were created more than 2,000 years ago. This indicates that the site of the current Hindu complex was originally a pagan sanctuary where local residents worshiped the spirits of their ancestors and brought them gifts. Thus, Besakih personifies the centuries-old evolution of the spiritual traditions of Bali - from local beliefs to Hinduism.

Sacred place of the gods

The location of the temple on the slope of Mount Agung emphasizes its significance. The Balinese believe that the volcano is a bridge between the world of people and the world of the gods. Such a place simply could not become home to an ordinary temple, and that is why a huge complex worthy of the sacred status of a volcano arose here.

Main temple of Bali

Besakih symbolizes the spiritual unity of the island. Its grandeur, antiquity and connection with legends make it the true heart of Balinese culture. In the following sections we will go into more detail about the rich history of this unique sanctuary and its significance to the Balinese people.

The History of Besakih Temple: Antiquity, Legends, and the Test of Time

Besakih Temple, also known as Pura Agung Besakih, preserves a millennia-long history steeped in legends, mystical events, and documented facts that highlight its spiritual and cultural significance for Bali.

Ancient Roots and Legends

The earliest written references to the temple date back to the early 11th century, though it was already a place of worship at that time. The exact date of its construction remains a mystery, with several theories proposed:

1. A wandering monk in the 8th century.

According to legend, a certain monk founded the temple at this spot, inspired by its sacred energy.

2. Raja Kesari in the 10th century.

Another version holds that the temple was established by Raja Kesari, though he may have only expanded an earlier pagan sanctuary.

Some altars in the complex are dated at more than 2,000 years old, suggesting that this place of worship existed long before the arrival of Hinduism. Likely, the temple originally served as a site for ancestral spirit offerings.

Expansion and Royal Support

Besakih Temple underwent continuous expansion over the centuries. One of its principal sanctuaries, Agung Panataran, dedicated to the god Shiva, was constructed in the 17th century. Balinese kings regularly allocated funds for the temple’s development and restoration, as recorded in numerous chronicles.

From the 11th century onward, Besakih was scarcely mentioned in historical records until the 15th century, when Bali’s political center shifted closer to the temple. It then became a state sanctuary, where major ceremonies were held and symbols of royal authority were kept.

Rituals and Sacred Significance

For centuries, Besakih served as a refuge during natural disasters. Locals would offer sacrifices to the gods, seeking atonement for sins and protection from calamities. These sacrifices included tigers, buffaloes, cows, and even black monkeys, the latter considered especially potent offerings.

One of the most significant events in the temple’s history is Eka Dasa Rudra, held once a century to celebrate spiritual purification and cosmic harmony.

The 1963 Eruption of Mount Agung

In the spring of 1963, Besakih Temple found itself at the heart of a major event when Mount Agung became active. Priests warned of possible catastrophe, attributing it to the wrath of the gods, yet the Eka Dasa Rudra celebration proceeded.

On March 18, 1963, the volcano unleashed streams of lava that devastated villages and claimed over a thousand lives. However, Besakih Temple—perched on the slope of the volcano—miraculously remained untouched. The lava flows bypassed it, an event locals view as a sign of divine favor. This further solidified the temple’s sacred status.

The Role of the “Mother Temple”

Often referred to as the “Mother Temple,” Besakih is of paramount importance to Balinese culture and religion. It not only serves as a spiritual center, but is also believed to protect the island from natural disasters. Its ancient origins, grandeur, and connection to the volcano make it both a symbol of Balinese Hinduism and a key element of the island’s cultural heritage.

Today, Besakih remains a pilgrimage site and one of Bali’s most significant landmarks, reflecting the island’s centuries-long history and deep-rooted spiritual traditions.

Access for tourists

Although Besakih is open to all Hindus, tourists of other faiths are allowed only on the first levels of the courtyards, without entering the shrines. However, walking around the temple with its stunning views and rich architecture usually takes several hours.

Place for meditation

The temple's location on the slope of Mount Agung, away from populated areas, makes it an ideal place for meditation. It is believed that Agung purifies negative energy, and the Balinese themselves always orient their houses so that their heads are directed towards this sacred mountain while sleeping.

Pura Besakih, being a spiritual and architectural symbol, attracts not only pilgrims, but also those who seek inspiration and unity with nature.

Or you can visit this temple on an excursion with a local guide, who will tell you more interesting facts about this amazing place, and you also have a unique opportunity to undergo a local ceremonial purification rite.
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